What is complex-PTSD and what causes it?

Complex PTSD (C-PTSD) is a mental health condition that can develop after repeated or long-term trauma. It includes all the symptoms of PTSD—such as distressing memories, nightmares, flashbacks, avoiding reminders of the trauma, and feeling on edge. It also includes extra challenges such as trouble managing emotions, feeling hopeless or diminished and struggling to maintain close relationships (Frost et al., 2020).

What causes C-PTSD?

It can develop after many types of traumatic events. Complex PTSD (C-PTSD) is primarily caused by prolonged, repeated, or interperson (person to person) trauma, especially when a person has limited ability to escape the situation. Common causes include childhood abuse (physical, emotional, or sexual) or neglect, domestic violence, war, human trafficking, and captivity. These ongoing traumatic events differ from PTSD, which typically stems from a single, distressing event, and can significantly impact a person's sense of self, relationships, and emotional regulation.

Why these traumas lead to C-PTSD?

Unlike a single traumatic event, the repeated nature of complex trauma over time leads to more widespread and deeply ingrained impacts on a person's life. 

  • Lack of Escape: A key factor is often the inability to escape the traumatic situation, which leaves the person feeling helpless and trapped. 
  • Interpersonal Betrayal: Many complex traumas involve abuse or neglect from trusted individuals, such as caregivers, leading to deep-seated difficulties with trust and relationships. 
  • Impact on Development: Trauma during critical developmental periods, like childhood, can have lasting effects on a person's emotional, social, and psychological development. 

    • What does C-PTSD feel like?

    It can feel like living in constant emotional distress, often feeling stuck in the past and replaying difficult experiences. At times, this can lead to a lack of confidence and some people unfairly blame themselves for their trauma.  They might also feel deep sadness at times and have trouble controlling their anger. Physically, they might experience symptoms such as extreme tiredness and difficulty sleeping. All of these symptoms can have an impact on those around them and put a strain on their relationships.


    Last modified: Sunday, 21 September 2025, 1:16 PM